The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) and the National Planning Practice Guidance (NPPG) sit at the heart of the English planning system. Together, they provide the national policy and guidance context within which Local Plans are prepared and planning applications are determined. While often referred to in tandem, they serve distinct but complementary roles.

The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)

The NPPF sets out the Government's planning policies for England and how these should be applied. First introduced in 2012 and revised periodically since, its purpose is to provide a clear, consolidated statement of national planning policy.

The Framework establishes the key principles that underpin plan-making and decision- taking, including the presumption in favour of sustainable development, the importance of plan-led decision-making and the need to balance economic, social and environmental objectives. It covers a wide range of topics, including housing delivery, town centres, design, heritage, Green Belt, transport, climate change and the natural environment.

In practice, the NPPF is a material consideration in all planning decisions. Local Plans are required to be consistent with it, and decision-makers must have regard to its policies when determining planning applications and appeals. While the NPPF does not provide site-specific guidance, it sets the policy tests and priorities against which proposals are assessed.

The National Planning Practice Guidance (NPPG)

The NPPG sits alongside the NPPF and provides detailed guidance on how national planning policy should be interpreted and applied in practice. It is published online and organised into topic-based sections covering matters such as plan-making, development management, design, flood risk, viability and town centres.

Unlike the NPPF, the NPPG is not a statement of policy. Instead, it explains the intent behind policy, provides practical advice and, in some cases, sets out recommended approaches to assessment and evidence. It is regularly updated and expanded, allowing guidance to evolve more quickly than the Framework itself.

The NPPG is a material consideration in decision-making, but it does not carry the same weight as the NPPF or the development plan. Its role is to assist decision-makers in applying policy correctly and consistently, rather than to introduce new policy requirements.

How they are used in decision-making

In determining planning applications, local planning authorities typically start with the development plan, in accordance with section 38(6) of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. The NPPF then provides the national policy context against which the plan and the proposal are assessed, particularly where policies are absent, out of date or silent.

The NPPG is often used to clarify how specific policies should be applied, to explain technical concepts or to guide the assessment of evidence. For example, it may inform how town centre impact tests are undertaken, how viability should be approached, or how design quality is assessed.

At appeal, Inspectors frequently cite both documents. The NPPF establishes the relevant policy tests, while the NPPG is used to support interpretation and methodology.

How the NPPF and NPPG interact

The relationship between the two is hierarchical but interdependent. The NPPF sets the policy framework and carries greater weight. The NPPG supports that framework by explaining how policies should be understood and implemented.

Importantly, the NPPG cannot override or contradict the NPPF. Where there is tension between the two, the Framework will prevail. However, where the NPPF is high-level or broadly worded, the NPPG can provide valuable clarity and direction.

Summary

In summary, the NPPF and NPPG work together to shape planning decisions in England. The NPPF establishes the national policy principles and tests, while the NPPG provides practical guidance on their application. Understanding how the two interact is an essential part of assessing planning risk, preparing proportionate submissions and navigating the planning system effectively.

Disclaimer
This article is provided for general information only and does not constitute planning advice. Planning matters are site-specific and subject to change. Professional advice should be sought before taking action in relation to any particular site or proposal.